Melting point	217-218 ºC (water ethanol )
Density	1.312±0.06 g/cm3 (20 º

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Source	SDS/MSDS Samples
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Peer-Reviewed Papers

Quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines and their 5-N-oxide: alkoxylation of methyl-substituted quinoxalino[2,3-c]cinnolines to acetals and orthoesters.Makhluf J Haddadin et al.The Journal of organic chemistry, 76(20), 8421-8427 (2011-09-13) Quantitative and qualitative analysis of [(18)F]FDG and [(18)F]FAZA positron emission tomography of head and neck cancers and associations with HPV status and treatment outcome.Edward E Graves et al.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 43(4), 617-625 (2015-11-19) Erythrocyte Membrane Cloaked Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticle as Biomimetic Nanoreactor for Starvation-Activated Colon Cancer Therapy.Lu Zhang et al.ACS nano, 12(10), 10201-10211 (2018-09-29) Enzymology of tirapazamine metabolism: a review.A V Patterson et al.Anti-cancer drug design, 13(6), 541-573 (1998-10-02) Is there a role for tirapazamine in the treatment of cervical cancer?Prafull Ghatage et al.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 8(12), 1589-1597 (2012-10-05) Cancer cell membrane-coated biomimetic platform for tumor targeted photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-amplified bioreductive therapy.Shi-Ying Li et al.Biomaterials, 142, 149-161 (2017-07-25) SR 4233 (tirapazamine): a new anticancer drug exploiting hypoxia in solid tumours.J M Brown British journal of cancer, 67(6), 1163-1170 (1993-06-01) Quantitative and qualitative analysis of [(18)F]FDG and [(18)F]FAZA positron emission tomography of head and neck cancers and associations with HPV status and treatment outcome.Edward E Graves et al.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 43(4), 617-625 (2015-11-19) ZnS@ZIF-8 core-shell nanoparticles incorporated with ICG and TPZ to enable H2S-amplified synergistic therapy.Chao Fang et al.Theranostics, 10(17), 7671-7682 (2020-07-21) Hypoxia after liver surgery imposes an aggressive cancer stem cell phenotype on residual tumor cells.Klaas M Govaert et al.Annals of surgery, 259(4), 750-759 (2013-11-21) Tirapazamine: a bioreductive anticancer drug that exploits tumour hypoxia.W A Denny et al.Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 9(12), 2889-2901 (2000-11-28) Electron and spin-density analysis of tirapazamine reduction chemistry.Jian Yin et al.Chemical research in toxicology, 25(3), 620-633 (2012-03-07) An efficient delivery of photosensitizers and hypoxic prodrugs for a tumor combination therapy by membrane camouflage nanoparticles.Hanjie Wang et al.Journal of materials chemistry. B, 8(14), 2876-2886 (2020-03-20) SR 4233 (tirapazamine): a new anticancer drug exploiting hypoxia in solid tumours.J M Brown British journal of cancer, 67(6), 1163-1170 (1993-06-01) Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: optimizing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.Emma Ito et al.Future oncology (London, England), 7(5), 595-597 (2011-05-17) Targeting castration-induced tumour hypoxia enhances the acute effects of castration therapy in a rat prostate cancer model.Anna Johansson et al.BJU international, 107(11), 1818-1824 (2010-09-24) A planned neck dissection is not necessary in all patients with N2-3 head-and-neck cancer after sequential chemoradiotherapy.Scott G Soltys et al.International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 83(3), 994-999 (2011-12-06) Synthesis, hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of new 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide derivatives.Qing Xia et al.European journal of medicinal chemistry, 46(3), 919-926 (2011-02-02) The 2-nitroimidazole EF5 is a biomarker for oxidoreductases that activate the bioreductive prodrug CEN-209 under hypoxia.Jingli Wang et al.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 18(6), 1684-1695 (2011-12-15) Tumor-Penetrating Nanoparticles for Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Combined Photodynamic and Hypoxia-Activated Therapy.Yazhe Wang et al.ACS nano, 11(2), 2227-2238 (2017-02-07) A hybrid cellular automaton model of solid tumor growth and bioreductive drug transport.Nabila Kazmi et al.IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics, 9(6), 1595-1606 (2012-12-12) Suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by tirapazamine is dependent on eIF2α phosphorylation rather than the mTORC1/4E-BP1 pathway.Jun Zhang et al.PloS one, 5(11), e13910-e13910 (2010-11-19) On the reaction mechanism of tirapazamine reduction chemistry: unimolecular N-OH homolysis, stepwise dehydration, or triazene ring-opening.Jian Yin et al.Chemical research in toxicology, 25(3), 634-645 (2012-03-07) Tirapazamine-embedded polyplatinum(iv) complex: a prodrug combo for hypoxia-activated synergistic chemotherapy.Dongbo Guo et al.Biomaterials science, 8(2), 694-701 (2019-11-30) Tirapazamine-doxorubicin interaction referring to heart oxidative stress and Ca²⁺ balance protein levels.Justyna Sliwinska et al.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2012, 890826-890826 (2012-06-06) Tirapazamine: prototype for a novel class of therapeutic agents targeting tumor hypoxia.David R Gandara et al.Seminars in oncology, 29(1 Suppl 4), 102-109 (2002-03-15) [Current methods of chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. Options for reduction of side-effects].Zsuzsa Póti et al.Orvosi hetilap, 154(21), 803-809 (2013-05-23) Effects of tirapazamine on experimental colorectal liver metastases after radiofrequency ablation (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 567-575).M Sund The British journal of surgery, 99(4), 576-576 (2012-03-08) Prognostic significance of plasma osteopontin in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated on TROG 02.02 phase III trial.Annette M Lim et al.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 18(1), 301-307 (2011-11-19) Usefulness of combined treatment with continuous administration of tirapazamine and mild temperature hyperthermia in γ-ray irradiation in terms of local tumour response and lung metastatic potential.Shin-Ichiro Masunaga et al.International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group, 28(7), 636-644 (2012-09-06) Enzyme-Activated Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Heterocyclic N-Oxides under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions and Its Relevance to Hypoxia-Selective Prodrugs.Xiulong Shen et al.Chemical research in toxicology, 32(3), 348-361 (2019-03-01) Tirapazamine: laboratory data relevant to clinical activity.J M Brown et al.Anti-cancer drug design, 13(6), 529-539 (1998-10-02) Tirapazamine: from bench to clinical trials.Loredana Marcu et al.Current clinical pharmacology, 1(1), 71-79 (2008-08-01) Hypoxia-dependent retinal toxicity of NLCQ-1 (NSC 709257) in BALB/c mice. Comparison with tirapazamine.Maria V Papadopoulou et al.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 108(6), 396-399 (2011-01-06) Oropharyngeal Cancers in the East and the West - Implications of Aetiopathogenesis on Prognosis and Research.S Chatterjee et al.Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain)), 31(8), 510-519 (2019-06-15) Mesoporous Silica-Coated Silver Nanoframes as Drug-Delivery Vehicles for Chemo/Starvation/Metal Ion Multimodality Therapy.Yu Zhang et al.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 36(23), 6345-6351 (2020-05-12) Avascular tumour growth dynamics and the constraints of protein binding for drug transportation.N Kazmi et al.Journal of theoretical biology, 313, 142-152 (2012-09-15) Nucleus-targeted nano delivery system eradicates cancer stem cells by combined thermotherapy and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy.Hongjuan Li et al.Biomaterials, 200, 1-14 (2019-02-12) DNA strand cleavage by the phenazine di-N-oxide natural product myxin under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Goutam Chowdhury et al.Chemical research in toxicology, 25(1), 197-206 (2011-11-17) Enhanced antitumor efficacy of cisplatin by tirapazamine-transferrin conjugate.Lin Wu et al.International journal of pharmaceutics, 431(1-2), 190-196 (2012-04-26) Generation of oxygen gradients in microfluidic devices for cell culture using spatially confined chemical reactions.Yung-Ann Chen et al.Lab on a chip, 11(21), 3626-3633 (2011-09-15) Prognostic and predictive significance of plasma HGF and IL-8 in a phase III trial of chemoradiation with or without tirapazamine in locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer.Quynh-Thu Le et al.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 18(6), 1798-1807 (2012-03-03) Effects of tirapazamine on experimental colorectal liver metastases after radiofrequency ablation.K M Govaert et al.The British journal of surgery, 99(4), 567-575 (2012-02-15) Tirapazamine: a novel agent targeting hypoxic tumor cells.Srini B Reddy et al.Expert opinion on investigational drugs, 18(1), 77-87 (2008-12-05) Enhanced selectivity, cellular uptake, and in vitro activity of an intrinsically fluorescent copper-tirapazamine nanocomplex for hypoxia targeted therapy in prostate cancer.Vera L Silva et al.Biomaterials science, 8(9), 2420-2433 (2020-04-03) Development and characterization of a microfluidic model of the tumour microenvironment.Ayuso J M, et al. Scientific Reports, 6, 36086-36086 (2016) Self-accelerating H2O2-responsive Plasmonic Nanovesicles for Synergistic Chemo/starving therapy of Tumors.Yao Tang et al.Theranostics, 10(19), 8691-8704 (2020-08-06) Monitoring and Targeting Anti-VEGF Induced Hypoxia within the Viable Tumor byYunzhou Shi et al.Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.), 19(11), 950-959 (2017-10-11) ZnS@ZIF-8 core-shell nanoparticles incorporated with ICG and TPZ to enable H2S-amplified synergistic therapy.Chao Fang et al.Theranostics, 10(17), 7671-7682 (2020-07-21) Cancer cell membrane-coated biomimetic platform for tumor targeted photodynamic therapy and hypoxia-amplified bioreductive therapy.Shi-Ying Li et al.Biomaterials, 142, 149-161 (2017-07-25)

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