Melting point	124-129 ºC
Water Solubility	25 g/100 mL (22 ºC)

Symbol(GHS)	Xn;N
Hazard Codes	R21/22;R37/38;R41;R50
SDS/MSDS	S26;S37/39;S61

Source	SDS/MSDS Samples
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Articles

Peer-Reviewed Papers

Topical glyceryl trinitrate ointment for pain related to anal hypertonia after stapled hemorrhoidopexy: a randomized controlled trial.Francesco Saverio Mari et al.Diseases of the colon and rectum, 56(6), 768-773 (2013-05-09) Genesis of anxiety, depression, and ongoing abdominal discomfort in ulcerative colitis-like colon inflammation.Jinghong Chen et al.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 308(1), R18-R27 (2014-11-21) Spinal anaesthesia for pelvic surgery: low concentrations of lignocaine and bupivacaine are effective with less adverse events.Jyotsna Punj et al.Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 22(1), 71-77 (2013-07-10) Inhibition of murine cardiomyocyte respiration by amine local anesthetics.Elhadi H Aburawi et al.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 39(4), 293-299 (2013-11-21) In utero diagnosis of long QT syndrome by magnetocardiography.Bettina F Cuneo et al.Circulation, 128(20), 2183-2191 (2013-11-13) Spatial navigation. Disruption of the head direction cell network impairs the parahippocampal grid cell signal.Shawn S Winter et al.Science (New York, N.Y.), 347(6224), 870-874 (2015-02-24) Improving the local anesthesia experience for our patients.Gregori M Kurtzman Dentistry today, 33(4), 120-120 (2014-05-06) iTMJ reduction.Ronald L Hebard Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 151(6), 1086-1087 (2014-08-03) Comparison of postoperative redness of eyes after sub-Tenon's block and topical anaesthesia following phacoemulsification cataract surgery.P Huang et al.British journal of anaesthesia, 112(2), 381-382 (2014-01-17) Coronary responses to cold air inhalation following afferent and efferent blockade.Matthew D Muller et al.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 307(2), H228-H235 (2014-05-13) Intravenous lidocaine decreases tumor necrosis factor alpha expression both locally and systemically in pigs undergoing lung resection surgery.Ignacio Garutti et al.Anesthesia and analgesia, 119(4), 815-828 (2014-07-19) Incisionless otoplasty: a reliable and replicable technique for the correction of prominauris.Shaun Mehta et al.JAMA facial plastic surgery, 16(6), 414-418 (2014-09-12) Effects of lidocaine on random skin flap survival in rats.Bin Cao et al.Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 41(1), 53-58 (2014-12-19) Trends in pharmacy compounding for women's health in North Carolina: focus on vulvodynia.Susan H Corbett et al.Southern medical journal, 107(7), 433-436 (2014-07-11) Ocular decompression with cotton swabs lowers intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal injection.Ninel Z Gregori et al.Journal of glaucoma, 23(8), 508-512 (2013-05-02) Topical lidocaine to suppress trigemino-cardiac reflex.C Meuwly et al.British journal of anaesthesia, 111(2), 302-302 (2013-07-17) [Effect of cervical paravertebral block combined with acupuncture intervention on cervicogenic headache].Jia-Xuan Wu et al.Zhen ci yan jiu = Acupuncture research, 38(5), 411-414 (2013-12-07) Management of aphonic patients following total laryngectomy and trachea esophageal puncture.Limor Benyamini et al.The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 16(12), 768-770 (2015-01-30) BDNF signaling in the VTA links the drug-dependent state to drug withdrawal aversions.Hector Vargas-Perez et al.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 34(23), 7899-7909 (2014-06-06) Analgesic efficacy of Lidocaine for suction-assisted lipectomy with tumescent technique under general anesthesia: a randomized, double-masked, controlled trial.Edward P Miranda Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 133(4), 597e-598e (2014-03-29) Comparison of anaesthetic and analgesic effects of emulsified isoflurane used alone or combined with lidocaine and fentanyl in dogs.H G Fan et al.New Zealand veterinary journal, 62(3), 123-129 (2013-12-18) Lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLA(®) ) cream as analgesia in hysteroscopy practice: a prospective, randomized, non-blinded, controlled study.Baldomero Arnau et al.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 92(8), 978-981 (2013-06-07) Pre-emptive penile ring block with sucrose analgesia reduces pain response to neonatal circumcision.Christian F Roman-Rodriguez et al.Urology, 83(4), 893-898 (2013-11-28) Interactions of the dorsal hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in formation of fear memory: difference in inhibitory avoidance learning and contextual fear conditioning.Fang-Chi Yang et al.Neurobiology of learning and memory, 112, 186-194 (2013-07-31) In reply.Sandy M Hopper et al.Annals of emergency medicine, 64(1), 97-97 (2014-06-22) Intrauterine instillation of lignocaine gel does not help in reducing pain after endometrial ablation.T Hazarika et al.Anaesthesia and intensive care, 42(4), 524-525 (2014-06-27) Hydraulic expulsion of tumbu fly larvae.Eric Dybbro et al.JAMA dermatology, 150(7), 791-792 (2014-03-22) Food for thought: atrioventricular dissociation.Gagan D Singh et al.The American journal of medicine, 126(12), 1050-1053 (2013-10-15) [Anesthesiological support of surgical intervention on clavicular osteosynthesis in patients with multiple rib fractures].Iu L Kuchyn Klinichna khirurhiia, (12)(12), 58-60 (2014-02-08) Published evidence demonstrating the causation of glenohumeral chondrolysis by postoperative infusion of local anesthetic via a pain pump.Frederick A Matsen et al.The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 95(12), 1126-1134 (2013-06-21) A reply.T O Erb et al.Anaesthesia, 68(5), 535-536 (2013-04-12) Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for dental treatment in children and adolescents.Susan Parekh et al.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12(12), CD009742-CD009742 (2014-12-24) [Fatal exposure to Aconitum napellus].Jørgen Rahr German Jørgensen et al.Ugeskrift for laeger, 175(24), 1707-1708 (2013-06-15) Laryngeal reflex responses in anaesthetised children: ethics and methodology.N J Cowley Anaesthesia, 68(5), 533-534 (2013-04-12) Clinical practice. Postherpetic neuralgia.Robert W Johnson et al.The New England journal of medicine, 371(16), 1526-1533 (2014-10-16) Activity blockade and GABAA receptor blockade produce synaptic scaling through chloride accumulation in embryonic spinal motoneurons and interneurons.Casie Lindsly et al.PloS one, 9(4), e94559-e94559 (2014-04-16) The importance of anatomical region of local anesthesia for prostate biopsy; a randomized clinical trial.H Akdere et al.European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 17(21), 2890-2895 (2013-11-21) Performance of compulsive behavior in rats is not a unitary phenomenon - validation of separate functional components in compulsive checking behavior.Mark C Tucci et al.The European journal of neuroscience, 40(6), 2971-2979 (2014-06-18) Surgeon-administered conscious sedation and local anesthesia for ambulatory anorectal surgery.Miss Hina et al.The American surgeon, 80(1), 21-25 (2014-01-10) The efficacy of lidocaine to prevent laryngospasm in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.T Mihara et al.Anaesthesia, 69(12), 1388-1396 (2014-07-06) Multiple blocks of intermittent and continuous theta-burst stimulation applied via transcranial magnetic stimulation differently affect sensory responses in rat barrel cortex.Andreas Thimm et al.The Journal of physiology, 593(4), 967-985 (2014-12-17) Episodic syncope caused by ventricular flutter in a tiger (Panthera tigris).Daniel M DeLillo et al.Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 44(2), 500-504 (2013-06-29) Duration of lidocaine gel for squint surgery.N Mandal Anaesthesia, 68(9), 984-985 (2013-09-21) Laryngeal reflex responses in anaesthetised children: anaesthesia was right to publish.T Girard Anaesthesia, 68(5), 534-535 (2013-04-12) Safety and efficacy of a novel nasal spray for maxillary dental anesthesia.S G Ciancio et al.Journal of dental research, 92(7 Suppl), 43S-48S (2013-05-22) The effect of sonophoresis on topical anesthesia: a pilot project.Joseph L Packer et al.Anesthesia progress, 60(2), 37-41 (2013-06-15) Management options in neuropathic pain.Vimal Kumar Paliwal et al.Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 110(9), 639-643 (2013-06-08) Catheter lubrication and fixation: interventions.Mary Wilson British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 22(10), 566-566 (2013-06-12) The evolution of transcutaneous aortic valve replacement: moving in the right direction.David M Shavelle Heart (British Cardiac Society), 100(9), 683-684 (2014-02-08) Ultrasound-guided axillary tunnel block: the 'comet tail' block.P B Cornish Anaesthesia and intensive care, 43(1), 130-131 (2015-01-13) The anti-diabetic drug metformin protects against chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in a mouse model.Qi-Liang Mao-Ying et al.PloS one, 9(6), e100701-e100701 (2014-06-24) Is perioperative intravenous lidocaine for complex spine surgery a more complex issue?Robert Andrew Fry et al.Anesthesiology, 120(5), 1298-1298 (2014-04-24) Effectiveness and safety of lidocaine in the induction of fetal cardiac asystole for second trimester pregnany termination.Ronald López-Cepero et al.Boletin de la Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico, 105(1), 14-17 (2013-06-19) An alternative local anaesthesia technique to reduce pain in paediatric patients during needle insertion.S H Lee et al.European journal of paediatric dentistry : official journal of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 14(2), 109-112 (2013-06-14) Lidocaine concentration in mandibular bone after subperiosteal infiltration anesthesia decreases with elevation of periosteal flap and irrigation with saline.Sachie Ogawa et al.Anesthesia progress, 61(2), 53-62 (2014-06-17) Mechanisms of lidocaine's action on subtypes of spinal dorsal horn neurons subject to the diverse roles of Na(+) and K(+) channels in action potential generation.Matthias Wolff et al.Anesthesia and analgesia, 119(2), 463-470 (2014-06-04) Small-volume 7.5% NaCl adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ has multiple benefits during hypotensive and blood resuscitation in the pig following severe blood loss: rat to pig translation.Asger Granfeldt et al.Critical care medicine, 42(5), e329-e344 (2014-02-22) [Intraosseous blocks in the treatment of symmetrical distal diabetic polyneuropathy].E L Sokov et al.Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 85(4), 61-65 (2013-07-03) Faster onset and more comfortable injection with alkalinized 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000.Stanley F Malamed et al.Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995), 34 Spec No 1, 10-20 (2013-04-13) Nebulised local anaesthesia technique for fish bone removal.N Svecova et al.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 96(4), 321-321 (2014-05-02) Viscous lidocaine treatment for painful oral infections in children: disappointingly dismissive of pediatric pain.Robert J Hoffman Annals of emergency medicine, 64(1), 96-97 (2014-06-22) Neurally mediated propagating discrete clustered contractions superimposed on myogenic ripples in ex vivo segments of human ileum.Merel H Kuizenga et al.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 308(1), G1-G11 (2014-11-15) [Topical pharmacologic approach with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in the treatment of localized neuropathic pain].L Provinciali et al.Minerva medica, 105(6), 515-527 (2014-11-14) [Lidocaine hydrochloride].Y Saito et al.Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 53 Su Pt 1, 983-985 (1995-02-01) Spectrum of myelinated pulmonary afferents (II).Jun Liu et al.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 305(9), R1059-R1064 (2013-09-21) A Bier block implementation protocol.Stewart A Stancil U.S. Army Medical Department journal, 53-56 (2014-04-08) Editor-in-Chief's reply.S M Yentis Anaesthesia, 68(9), 980-980 (2013-09-21) A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis.Janna L Friedly et al.The New England journal of medicine, 371(1), 11-21 (2014-07-06) In response.Martin V Grady et al.Anesthesia and analgesia, 116(4), 950-951 (2013-05-02) Comparison of three methods of preventing rocuronium induced pain on injection using venous occlusion technique: a randomized prospective double blind controlled study.S A Abu-Halaweh et al.Middle East journal of anaesthesiology, 22(1), 87-92 (2013-07-10) [Comparative study on effect of acupuncture and lidocaine block for lumbar myofascial pain syndrome].Gui-Mei Jiang et al.Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 33(3), 223-226 (2013-05-30) Lidocaine hydrochloride.Christine L Mackley et al.American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society, 14(4), 221-223 (2004-01-24) Effect of intra-articular local anesthesia on articular cartilage in the knee.Klemen Ravnihar et al.Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, 30(5), 607-612 (2014-04-15) Intranasal topical local anesthetic and decongestant for flexible nasendoscopy in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Neil K Chadha et al.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery, 139(12), 1301-1305 (2013-10-26) Effect of alkalinisation of lignocaine for propofol injection pain: a prospective, randomised, double-blind study.U Ozgul et al.Anaesthesia and intensive care, 41(4), 501-504 (2013-07-03) In vivo synaptic scaling is mediated by GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors in the embryonic spinal cord.Miguel Angel Garcia-Bereguiain et al.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(16), 6791-6799 (2013-04-19) Editor-in-chief's reply.S M Yentis Anaesthesia, 68(5), 536-536 (2013-04-12) A comparison of lidocaine and bupivacaine digital nerve blocks on noninvasive continuous hemoglobin monitoring in a randomized trial in volunteers.Ronald D Miller et al.Anesthesia and analgesia, 118(4), 766-771 (2014-03-22) Time-dependent modulation of muscarinic m1/m3 receptor signalling by local anaesthetics.S Picardi et al.British journal of anaesthesia, 112(2), 370-379 (2013-09-26) The effectivity of periprostatic nerve blockade for the pain control during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.Alper Otunctemur et al.Archivio italiano di urologia, andrologia : organo ufficiale [di] Societa italiana di ecografia urologica e nefrologica, 85(2), 69-72 (2013-07-04) Comparison of tolerance and cost-effectiveness of two nasal anesthesia techniques for transnasal flexible laryngoscopy.VyVy N Young et al.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 150(4), 582-586 (2014-02-06) Lidocaine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in microglia.Tong Yuan et al.The Journal of surgical research, 192(1), 150-162 (2014-06-24) Implementing a fast-track protocol for patients undergoing bowel resection: not so fast.Vanessa Hui et al.American journal of surgery, 206(2), 152-158 (2013-06-14) Methemoglobinemia induced by lidocaine-prilocaine cream.Oded Shamriz et al.The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 16(4), 250-254 (2014-05-20) Reply: analgesic efficacy of lidocaine for suction-assisted lipectomy with tumescent technique under general anesthesia: a randomized, double-masked, controlled trial.Stefan Danilla Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 133(4), 598e-599e (2014-03-29) Sidedness of carbamazepine accessibility to voltage-gated sodium channels.Sooyeon Jo et al.Molecular pharmacology, 85(2), 381-387 (2013-12-10) A reply.R Sinha et al.Anaesthesia, 68(9), 985-986 (2013-09-21) Nigeria normative data for defining glaucoma in prevalence surveys.Fatima Kyari et al.Ophthalmic epidemiology, 22(2), 98-108 (2015-03-18) Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with chloramphenicol using the saphenous or cephalic vein in standing horses.G Kelmer et al.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 38(1), 35-40 (2014-07-31) Laryngeal reflex responses in anaesthetised children: breach of international research governance.J Schumacher et al.Anaesthesia, 68(9), 979-980 (2013-09-21) Evaluation of the efficacy of a combination of diltiazem and periprostatic nerve block in pain control during transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy of the prostate.T Jindal et al.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(5), 361-364 (2013-07-11) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in combination with cobalamin injection for postherpetic neuralgia: a single-center randomized controlled trial.Gang Xu et al.American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 93(4), 287-298 (2013-11-08) Epidural glucocorticoid injections in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.Gunnar B J Andersson The New England journal of medicine, 371(1), 75-76 (2014-07-06) [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)].Yukiko Nagasaka et al.Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology, 63(4), 475-479 (2014-05-03) Efficacy and safety of mepivacaine compared with lidocaine in local anaesthesia in dentistry: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Naichuan Su et al.International dental journal, 64(2), 96-107 (2014-01-17) "One-per-mil" tumescent technique for hand surgery.Theddeus O H Prasetyono et al.Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 132(6), 1091e-1092e (2013-11-28) Emulsified isoflurane enhances thermal transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel activation-mediated sensory/nociceptive blockade by QX-314.Cheng Zhou et al.Anesthesiology, 121(2), 280-289 (2014-03-29) Pain fiber anesthetic reduces brainstem Fos after tooth extraction.B Badral et al.Journal of dental research, 92(11), 1005-1010 (2013-09-24) Use of ophthalmic lidocaine gel as an anesthetic for intravitreal injections.Pat Koffron et al.Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses), 38(2), 22-23 (2013-06-04) When can a normal dose be an overdose? Who is at risk?Joel M Weaver Anesthesia progress, 61(2), 45-46 (2014-06-17) [Necrosis in fingers and toes following local anaesthesia with adrenaline--an urban legend?].Vilhjalmur Finsen Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 133(17), 1827-1830 (2013-09-18) [Investigation of the influence of intracameral injection of domestic lidocaine on the corneal thickness during phacoemulsification of cataract].L P Tutchenko et al.Likars'ka sprava, (8)(8), 92-96 (2013-06-22) Epinephrine in local anesthesia in finger and hand surgery: the case for wide-awake anesthesia.Donald Lalonde et al.The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 21(8), 443-447 (2013-08-03) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): Rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial.Peter J Kudenchuk et al.American heart journal, 167(5), 653-659 (2014-04-29) Local anesthetics in liposuction: considerations for new practice advisory guidelines to improve patient safety.Meredith M Pace et al.Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 131(5), 820e-826e (2013-05-01) Herpes zoster: diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches.Mazen S Bader Postgraduate medicine, 125(5), 78-91 (2013-10-12) Supraorbital and infraorbital nerve blockade in migraine patients: results of 6-month clinical follow-up.S Ilhan Alp et al.European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 17(13), 1778-1781 (2013-07-16) Fecal continence revisited: the anal external sphincter continence reflex.Paul M A Broens et al.Diseases of the colon and rectum, 56(11), 1273-1281 (2013-10-10) A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness of anesthesia obtained by application of a novel topical anesthetic putty with the infiltration of lidocaine for the treatment of lacerations in the emergency department.Mark G Jenkins et al.Annals of emergency medicine, 63(6), 704-710 (2014-01-21) Development and in vitro evaluation of a buccal drug delivery system based on preactivated thiolated pectin.Sabine Hauptstein et al.Drug development and industrial pharmacy, 40(11), 1530-1537 (2013-09-13) New method of percutaneous radiofrequency mandibular nerve rhizotomy guided by high-speed real-time computed tomography fluoroscopy with direct approaching view to foramen ovale.K Nakajima et al.British journal of anaesthesia, 111(2), 299-300 (2013-07-17) [Epidural pharmacotherapy in the treatment of the pain syndrome in osteochondrosis complicated by intervertebral discs protrusion of lumbar part of the vertebral column].M V Khizhniak et al.Klinichna khirurhiia, (3)(3), 44-46 (2013-05-31) Transcutaneous aortic valve replacement with the Edwards SAPIEN XT and Medtronic CoreValve prosthesis under fluoroscopic guidance and local anaesthesia only.Martin Greif et al.Heart (British Cardiac Society), 100(9), 691-695 (2014-01-25) Lidocaine contact allergy is becoming more prevalent.Derek To et al.Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.], 40(12), 1367-1372 (2014-11-08) Anaphylactic reaction to intraurethral chlorhexidine: sensitisation following previous repeated uneventful administration.J E Dyer et al.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(6), e105-e106 (2013-09-13) Nociceptor-selective peripheral nerve block induces delayed mechanical hypersensitivity and neurotoxicity in rats.Christopher M Peters et al.Anesthesiology, 120(4), 976-986 (2013-12-04) Anesthetic efficacy of a combination of 0.5 M mannitol plus 36.8 mg of lidocaine with 18.4 μg epinephrine in maxillary infiltration: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study.Kevin Younkin et al.Anesthesia progress, 61(2), 63-68 (2014-06-17) Reply by the authors.Bastab Ghosh et al.Urology, 82(6), 1454-1454 (2013-12-04) Lidocaine reduces neutrophil recruitment by abolishing chemokine-induced arrest and transendothelial migration in septic patients.Christian Berger et al.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 192(1), 367-376 (2013-12-03) The "submarine hatch" nail bed biopsy.Martin N Zaiac et al.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 70(6), e127-e128 (2014-05-17) Hemodynamic rescue and ECG stability during chest compressions using adenosine and lidocaine after 8-minute asphyxial hypoxia in the rat.Yulia Djabir et al.The American journal of emergency medicine, 31(11), 1539-1545 (2013-09-26) [Efficient treatment of breakthrough pain in adults: the importance of timing and medication choice].Chantal Berna et al.Revue medicale suisse, 9(392), 1360-1360 (2013-07-26) Lidocaine/tetracaine peel in topical anesthesia prior to laser-assisted hair removal: Phase-II and Phase-III study results.Tina Alster et al.The Journal of dermatological treatment, 25(2), 174-177 (2012-07-27) Bone apposition on implants coated with calcium phosphate by ion beam assisted deposition in oversized drilled sockets: a histologic and histometric analysis in dogs.Min-Soo Kim et al.Journal of periodontal & implant science, 43(1), 18-23 (2013-03-20) Intraperitoneal local anesthetics have predominant local analgesic effect: a randomized, double-blind study.Andrea Perniola et al.Anesthesiology, 121(2), 352-361 (2014-04-25)

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